Uncategorised – Page 2 – Vai's Animation

Robert Bradbrook – Characters and Stories Part 1

We had a really lovely session with Robert Bradbrook (Head and Senior Tutor at National Film and Television school) yesterday! 😀 He spoke about character personalities and how to develop characters with interesting traits that will keep the audience invested in the story!

He got us thinking about personality traits such as positive, kind, domineering, etc and that it is important for our character to have at least three traits and one flaw. The flaw can make the character more interesting and it can possibly be the thing that is challenged; the one that makes the character change or transform towards the end.

The best way to start is by asking questions:

If there is a piece of chocolate cake lying in the common kitchen fridge, would your character eat it? Leave a note after taking a slice? Not eat it and feel sorry about thinking about eating it?
What would they do if they arrived late for work? Apologise? Pretend as though it didn’t matter?
In a crowded bus, would they give up their seat for someone elderly? Would they overdo it?

Putting our characters in these day to day situations can help in creating well rounded characters and add a lot to their personality!

Here are some primary character types that Robert mentioned:

Flat
Round
Static (character remains the same throughout the story)
Dynamic (personality changes and evolves)

We also usually have the protagonist who wants something and the antagonist who stops him from getting it.

I’m also going to put these points that I jotted down during his session here for future reference:

WHAT DO CHARACTERS WANT?

Control, Acceptance, Reputation, Freedom, Self Esteem, Health, Love
Tapping into the Human Psyche and seeing ourselves in those characters on the screen and showing empathy towards them.

WHAT IS STOPPING THEM GETTING IT?

physical thing, mental, flaw or themselves?

WHY DO THEY WANT IT NOW?

Putting an urgency to the situation

WHAT IS THE EVENT?

Exploring what the event is – for instance stuck in a changing room, at a bar..particularly within a moment of time

WHAT DOES THE CHARACTER FEAR?

usually what they want is what they fear, so what is their secret?

IS THEIR WORLD IN BALANCE OR NOT?

Do they belong/not belong in their world? The feeling of being out of place often means that the character wants to be accepted

Robert gave us the example of Mr. Incredible – He wants reputation and self esteem. His biggest flaw is his ego and he eventually needs to learn to be a team player and that’s how he grows as the film progresses.

We also had a small exercise that we did during the later half of the session. We picked a chair we found around our house and then turned it into a character.

We had to give it a name and an age, 3 personality traits, 1 flaw, think about what they want and what is the event. We did this in a group and then came up with a story!

Here is my chair, named Bernard and he is in his mid 40s. His personality traits are that he is strong, determined and reliable. His flaw is that he is stubborn and short tempered. At the time I wasn’t sure about what he wanted so I just said that he wanted to avoid a mid life crisis and just enjoy his life.

My classmates and I then came up with this story that we had created with our respective chairs as people:

Bernard goes to holiday in Tenerife with younger girlfriend Evette (Mid 20s) and his son Kyle (13), who is energetic. They end up getting locked into their hotel room. Kyle being the hyperactive teenager, starts getting angry and more hyper which in turn irks Bernard to no end. Bernard came to have some peace and quiet but it ends up being the opposite of that. Evette being a calm minded person tries to relentlessly calm them down. It ends with Kyle retorting, “You can’t tell me what to do you’re not my real mom!” – THE END

We kind of left the ending in the wind, but now that I look back on my character I feel like it doesn’t fit the personality the chair resonates. Looking back at this chair today makes me think of my dad who is also strong, determined and reliable with his occasional stubborn and short temperament. Also, I probably wouldn’t have named him Bernard and would probably have made him around late 50s and also given him a better purpose of now wanting to be a loving family man, who gets to spend and enjoy his time with his kids now that he’s retired.

Bianca Ansems – Storyboarding

We had another lovely session with Bianca this week about all things storyboarding! She is a professional currently working in the animation industry as a storyboard artist so it is absolutely amazing to be able to hear her insights on storyboards! More so also because I want to be a storyboard artist too but I know how hard it is to get into it and be really good. But hopefully with some guidance and a lot of practice, I can learn how to storyboard!

Some tips that Bianca mentioned about Internships:

Internships are a great way to get into studios
Aardman also do storyboard internships so keep a lookout for that
Always ask lots of questions
When you are starting out think about minimum cost/wage
Employers usually ask for tests if they don’t see it in your portfolio
It’s their way of seeing if you have the potential to do the job and how you take in feedback
Don’t take criticism to heart – its given for your improvement
Storyboard artists are the first ones to visualise the script!

STORYBOARDING IS HARD BUT ITS IMPORTANT TO KNOW THE RULES TO BREAK THE RULES!

5C’S OF CINEMATOGRAPHY:

COMPOSITION – RULE OF THE THIRDS (BALANCE)

CAMERA ANGLES

CLOSE UPS
CONTINUITY (EDITING)
CUTTING

THINKING ABOUT HOW YOU ARE DIRECTING THE EYE OF THE AUDIENCE:

NOSE ROOM/HEAD ROOM – To shift the focus and to show what the character might be thinking. The opposite can be used in horror films to show someone coming up behind the character
EMOTIONAL MANIPULATION – awakening emotions in the audience and making them feel

Bianca then gave us a storyboarding exercise in the afternoon. She provided the script and then we came up with the storyboards.

The image below was the version that I submitted for the class! It was meant to be done really quickly which is why the stick figures! Bianca gave me some great feedback on this: she mentioned that I don’t need so many shots of the phone ringing (sound would convey it), and that both characters seem to be on the same side of the screen which can be a bit confusing, but other than that is was good! Since I want to be a storyboard artist as well, I decided to work on a second draft of the same script!

Storyboard 1 by Vaibhavi Venkataraman © 2021

Here is my second draft of the same storyboard! I really enjoyed making this and tried to work on the feedback that Bianca gave me. I decided to make the second character (who is stuck) a Grim Reaper because I thought it would be funny if the grim reaper is the one who is stuck and that he is sad with doe eyes as opposed to being mean and scary and taking souls!

Storyboard 2 by Vaibhavi Venkataraman © 2021

Autumn Inspo – Part 2

Like I mentioned in my previous post, Autumn can be significant of change and letting go of our insecurities/flaws, etc and finally accepting ourselves!

I found this article very interesting so I will link the source and some excerpts from it below:

ARTICLE: https://writescape.ca/site/2019/10/seasonal-symbolism/

In fall, the growing cycle gives us ripeness and maturity. The harvest is associated with abundance, prosperity and wealth. Humans too experience an “autumn”. If spring represents new birth and childhood, and summer symbolizes youth, autumn represents adulthood and maturity.
With the approach of winter, animals store food and create cozy hibernation spaces. We preserve the harvest and retreat indoors. We stop wandering and stay home. We tend to look emotionally inwards too, reconnecting with ourselves and those important to us. We consider the choices we have made, and the options still open to us.
Because day and night are the same length on the autumnal equinox, ancient cultures associated this day with the concept of balance. Astrologically, the sun enters Libra, symbolized by a pair of balanced scales. As we slow down after the business of summer, and with the harvest in, we take time to tap into the balance within us.
Gwynn Scheltema (writescape ca)

Another article I found, that highlights some of the main points I was thinking about while making my character:

“Generosity has such power because it is characterized by the inner quality of letting go or relinquishing. Being able to let go, to give up, to renounce, to give generously — these capacities spring from the same source within us. When we practice generosity, we open to all of these liberating qualities simultaneously. They carry us to a profound knowing of freedom, and they also are the loving expression of that same state of freedom.” Fall, then, is the perfect season to give generously of your time and talents to others.
Sharon Saltzberg (https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/practices/naming-the-days/view/10950/autumn-reflections-on-the-season)

This is basically the gist of my character’s personality, a girl who is friendly and generous, that spends most of her time helping others! She cares for others so much that she spends no time on herself, leading to her flaw – self esteem. She covers herself up in jackets/coats, scarves and boots, not just because she loves autumn but also because she doesn’t see herself as beautiful. I was also thinking of making her a bit supernatural, like she has this power to ripen fruits and bring them maturity. I also feel like although she is a child/looks like an innocent child on the outside, her mind is sharp beyond her years.

Character Turnaround – Autumn Inspiration

So initially I was really struggling to come up with connecting my character (I just call her autumn girl – I still need to give her a name) to autumn, other than the colours of her clothes, and the fact that the character actually likes this season! Shaun suggested back in December that maybe she needs some kind of a motif to represent her love for autumn on her and I also got some good suggestions from my classmates about maybe having a motif on her jacket.

I was also asked to research autumn and what it represents and so I started looking up what the season actually meant! Here is a quick summary of what I have learnt so far:

Autumn is a season of harvest and maturity. The fruits ripen, the leaves mature into their ‘adulthood’ and come winter as it gets colder, they “fall” symbolising the onset of death in winter. The trees literally shed their leaves and they turn into these beautiful colours until they fade into brown (which is often the last stage) before you know that winter is looming.

Although it sounds pretty depressing, autumn can also represent change, acceptance and letting go. It can also be seen as a season of bringing people together to give thanks, celebrate life, rejoice in the victory of good over evil!

In India, as per the traditions of the Hindus, we celebrate the festival of Diwali – the Festival of Lights! Thousands of lamps are lit across the country to symbolise that good prevails over evil, light over darkness. We celebrate the story of Lord Ram (a mythological folklore) who finally comes home after defeating the evil Ravana; the lamps being lit to honour his victory and him finally returning home after his exile. We also honour the goddess Lakshmi, who we believe brings us wealth and prosperity! This festival is also seen in some parts of India as a way to please the god of Death (Yamraj) and to ward off unwanted evil.

Bringing light into our homes and warding off darkness/evil

During the festival, diyas are lit and placed in rows along the parapets of temples and houses and set adrift on rivers and streams. Homes are decorated, and floors inside and out are covered with rangoli, consisting of elaborate designs made of coloured rice, sand, or flower petals. The doors and windows of houses are kept open in the hope that Lakshmi will find her way inside and bless the residents with wealth and success.
Brittanica.com

An interesting article about why they pray to Goddess Kali (Durga) during Diwali in West Bengal, India: https://indianexpress.com/article/research/diwali-special-decoding-the-many-forms-of-goddess-kali-in-india-5436248/

Website from where I sourced some of this info: https://allthatsinteresting.com/autumn-celebrations#14

For instance American traditions such as Halloween and Thanksgiving take place in October/November.

Thanksgiving celebrated in America (Google)

Halloween is believed to be a descendant of the festival of Samhain, a Gaelic celebration that marked the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter, or the darker half of the year. During the Samhain celebration, the Celts would light great bonfires and pound on drums to guide visitors from the underworld, while wearing costumes to ward off malevolent spirits.
The Scotsman (https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/family/why-do-we-celebrate-halloween-traditions-and-history-october-holiday-explained-3009182)

Guy Fawkes day is celebrated on November 5th in the UK, where bonfires are lit in celebration!

Today Guy Fawkes Day is celebrated in the United Kingdom, and in a number of countries that were formerly part of the British Empire, with parades, fireworks, bonfires, and food. Straw effigies of Fawkes are tossed on the bonfire, as are—in more recent years in some places—those of contemporary political figures. Traditionally, children carried these effigies, called “Guys,” through the streets in the days leading up to Guy Fawkes Day and asked passersby for “a penny for the guy,” often reciting rhymes associated with the occasion, the best known of which dates from the 18th century
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Guy-Fawkes-Day

Mid Autumn Festival in China:

The celebration focuses on three important concepts: gathering, thanksgiving and praying.
Weekend Notes

In China, it’s a reunion time for families, just like Thanksgiving, while in Vietnam, it’s more like a children’s day.
https://www.chinahighlights.com/festivals/mid-autumn-festival.htm

Day of the Dead that takes place in Mexico: it brings people together in a day of remembering the loved ones they lost amidst celebrating life

Traditions associated with the holiday include building altars to remember the dead, making food offerings to the dead and caring for graves. The Catrina or female skeleton is a popular figure of Day of the Dead.
Wikimedia

Kaboom Festival Talk – Wolfwalkers

I recently had the pleasure of attending the Lunchbox Lecture Series talk with the directors of Wolfwalkers – Tomm Moore and Ross Stewart, which was hosted by the Kaboom Animation Festival! I received amazing insight into how they came up with the storyline for the film and how they produced it. It was extremely interesting to learn about the production process and how they came up with the concepts for the film. I also got a chance to watch the entire film and was absolutely mesmerised with not just the story but also the animation! It was beautifully animated and I fell in love with the character designs and backgrounds!

Here is the trailer of the film(which is absolutely amazing!):

Pixar’s Soul!

Finally watched this movie! It premiered on the 25th and I did want to watch it then, but I missed it so I ended up watching it a week later with my family!

Such a beautiful film with a such a wonderful message! It was just splendid and I completely enjoyed it 😀 The story and the animation itself were so captivating that I couldn’t take my eyes off the screen! The acting in this film is superb, especially when the characters have a ‘Freaky Friday’ moment and switch bodies, you can still see the original character shine through underneath 😀 Since I’m currently on a Character Animation Course, this movie functioned as a great acting and performance reference!

A lovely interview I came across about the making of this film!

I love how the 3D animation was intermixed with a more abstract and graphical 2D style! Some of the characters were just flat lines, but I noticed that their personality was reflected so strongly in the way the line was structured! The way they move (especially with Terry the accountant) also depicted their character traits! It goes to show that as long as your characters have a strong personality and can exhibit this through their performance and acting, you don’t need to have a very thorough drawing. Although the two styles occur within the same scene, they don’t seem to overtake each other. They come together so beautifully, that it seems they are all part of one world!

The Great Before: Jerry’s speaking to Joe (in the hat) and 22’s soul

The Jerry’s in the picture above function in the Great Before, where souls get their personalities given to them. The Jerry’s are like teachers assigning random souls to be aloof/excitable/lazy, etc before they are assigned mentors (selected souls of humans who have achieved something great in their life usually – like doctors, musicians, researchers, etc). The mentors help the souls find their ‘spark’ – the very thing that gives them purpose on this Earth! They can only enter the earth once they find their spark – in the film its called an Earth Pass (kind of like in the scouts/camps where people earn badges for what they have achieved).

Here is the main antagonist of the film called ‘Terry’; just a character made up of lines, but the way the lines moved and the facial expression shown, really built up the mood and the personality of the character! So Terry is an accountant in ‘The Great Beyond'(place where all the souls of the dead people go), who keeps track of every soul that has come into the Great Beyond.

Yingzong X – character designer for Soul

What’s funny is that when I watched this film, I thought that this character was male, which after doing some research, I found that its a female! Voiced by a famous New Zealand actor, called Rachel House who has actually done voice overs for many Pixar films! Apparently I’m not the only one who mistook the character as male!

Terry has often been mistaken for a male by viewers due to her androgynous sounding voice and unisex name.
Terry|Disney Wiki|Fandom

This reminded me of what MaryClare got us to do in one of the life drawing sessions! She asked us to feel the emotion that the model was exhibiting and use it to make the appropriate marks in our drawing. So ideally we were feeling the mood of the pose and using the energy of the lines to convey it!

Taking a look at our protagonists: Joe Gardener and 22

Joe Gardener is bright, positive, patient and determined. He is extremely passionate about his music! Although his dream of making it big in the jazz industry hasn’t come through yet, he still doesn’t give up on his hopes and dreams! He teaches music to middle school kids, and the way he reacts to them playing speaks volumes about his personality. We also see his intense connection to music and this is depicted by the suspension of his soul in the Astral Plane.

Astral projection (or astral travel) is a term used in esotericism to describe an intentional out-of-body experience (OBE)^[1][2] that assumes the existence of a soul called an “astral body” that is separate from the physical body and capable of travelling outside it throughout the universe.^[3][4][5]
Wikipedia

22 is pretty much the opposite of Joe – she is like a teenager with the voice of a middle aged lady as she thinks people find it extremely annoying. She doesn’t want to go to Earth because she feels that its not worth living life as a human. She has a dull and sarcastic personality, but she is also determined in her own way. She has had many mentors trying to help her as illustrated in the film -but none can actually change her view on wanting to live on Earth.

Both these characters experience a stark change in their personality through the course of this film. They are a sort of cause and effect for each other – for instance 22 making Joe realise in finding her ‘spark’ that in chasing his big dream, he has missed out on the little moments of life that bring true happiness. In much the same way, when 22 finds her ‘spark’ and earns her pass, Joe in a burst of anger sets her off into a spiral of self doubt.

Overall this film is absolutely wonderful and tells a very emotional story that seems so relevant in the times that we are living in! With the ongoing pandemic and our limited connection with the world outside, this film conveys a beautiful message, I think we all need to remember – to take a moment out of our day to enjoy the little things in our life that bring us true happiness! And to also follow our heart and do what we love and be passionate about it 😀

Lift exercise

This is the lift exercise that I submitted for my 15th December assessment. I had a lot of fun animating this, especially learning how to convey the concept of weight! I think the timing works alright, but I sometimes feel like the animation lost its energy when I cleaned it up. I still need to add a chest and the other arm to this animation so I look forward to doing that!

Lift exercise by Vaibhavi Venkataraman

Character Turnaround

Here is my character design turnaround that I did back in December as part of the workshop taught by the lovely Bianca Ansems! My character is a little girl who is cheerful and bright and positive. She loves helping people and will always look out for others before thinking about herself! Her biggest flaw is her self doubt.

She loves autumn and dressing up to stay warm. I tried to use colours inspired by the fall season for her clothes – a lot of brownish reds, green and orange – just like the changing leaves in the fall! I did give her a slightly bright pink hat and gloves, only to heighten her bright mindset and positivity.

Character Design Workshop

We had a lovely character design workshop hosted by Bianca Ansems this week, where she talked about developing characters and model sheets and how these work in the industry!

One of the first things she mentioned was the basic underlying shapes of characters and how these play a role in the way the audience perceives your character’s personality as a whole.

The first basic shapes to note are:

CIRCLES – Often come across as friendly, soft and a little passive
SQUARES – Showing reliability, stability
TRIANGLES – Typically denoted as villains but isn’t always the case!

There are possibilities of mixing up the shapes while building up our characters, but that comes with time, experience and practice! But just a few things to keep in mind when thinking about characters!

Also one thing to note is that as animators it is important to simplify characters down to these shapes so that it is easier for us to work with it in the long run. Testing your character line up with silhouettes is a good way to tell if your character’s personality is coming across well!

Some other important points Bianca mentioned 😀

Remember to diversify your characters
Having a particular style isn’t necessary as you usually have to work on other people’s designs
Character bibles like model sheets
Denoting the Do’s and Don’ts
Expression sheets for characters
Turn arounds
Action sheets
Sheets for hands, legs if they are drawn in a particular way
Colour sheets – showing palettes
Angle sheets – characters from different angles

So as a fun exercise I thought it was a good idea to analyse the film ‘Up’ which is one of my favourite Pixar films!

Here is the Pixar website, where they talk more in detail about the film: https://www.pixar.com/feature-films/up

Carl, our protagonist is an old man who lost his beloved wife and is now living a sad and lonely life. He is literally shaped like a solid square block, the outlines of his jaw are quite literal in their square shape and even with his clothes on the body, we see the defined square shape. Like Bianca mentioned, his square shapes denotes stability – we see this throughout the film as he is the constant in Ellie’s life and although he doesn’t want to, he is reluctantly there for Russell, more so like a father figure. His shape denotes his personality – he is set in his ways and wants to do everything he can to make his wife’s dream of settling in Paradise Falls come true.

Carl was shaped as a brick, weighed down and resistant to change.
Pixar Animation Studios

Russell on the other hand is the complete opposite – he is round and friendly and enthusiastic! He has a bright and positive personality and this is reflected by his round stature. The roundness also depicts his childlike innocence. His overall shape is round and he always stands up straight which lets us know that although he is an innocent child he is still determined!

If we take a look at the villain, like in most Disney film clichés, Charles Muntz is also shaped like a triangle! Observing his entire form, we can see an upside down triangle where even his face is angled in a similar way. Although he doesn’t have a very pointy jawline as seen with Maleficent from Disney’s sleeping beauty. But the point in his nose and his boots, his body tapering from the waist down pushing his body in a forward stature are all indicative of his mean and conniving nature.

Compared to Disney’s drawing of Maleficent and even the crow Diablo has pointy features denoting his is as malicious as her!

I’d like to also mention Kevin the bird, who is also built up of triangles but isn’t a villain after all! She is in fact the opposite of Charles and although her main body consists of an upright triangle, her personality resonates with Russell! She is innocent just like Russell and is determined to get to her little chicks! Her body language also indicates her goofy, playful and childlike personality!

Things I’d like to research further

The film I chose was Ek Anek aur Ekta, was very instrumental in many ways. Apart from being one of the first animation films to be aired on Doordarshan (satellite TV in the 70s), it was also a one of a kind education film that conveys the importance of Unity in Diversity to many. Although it was tailored primarily to children, it also applies to adults.

Aside from looking at the historical and socio-political context of this film, I also wanted to look at how animation can be used as a medium of education. So I started researching articles that focused on similar topics.

Although I’m not going to get a chance to speak of this and discuss it in my presentation (8mins), it is something that I found really interesting and hope to explore it further in the future!

But for now, here are a few articles that I found! I am also going to list my bibliography below.

ARTICLES FURTHER RESEARCH:

Atalay, S., Bonanno, L., Galman, S.C., Jacqz, S., Rybka, R., Shannon, J., Speck, C., Swogger, J. and Wolencheck, E. (2019), Ethno/Graphic Storytelling: Communicating Research and Exploring Pedagogical Approaches through Graphic Narratives, Drawings, and Zines. American Anthropologist, 121: 769-772. https://doi-org.arts.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/aman.13293

Anonymous2017, Dec 27. Why screen time can be a force for good: Actor Sanjeev Bhaskar tells Peter Stanford why TV has its place in teaching the next generation sound morals and values. The Daily Telegraph, 24. ISSN 03071235. https://www-proquest-com.arts.idm.oclc.org/docview/1980500877/1C9D71D058D643F4PQ/4?accountid=10342

Matheson, E.L., Lewis-Smith, H. and Diedrichs, P.C. (2020) ‘The effectiveness of brief animated films as a scalable micro-intervention to improve children’s body image: A randomised controlled trial’ Body Image, 35 pp. 142-153. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.08.015

Chassiakos, R.Y., Stager, M. (2020) ‘Chapter 2 – Current trends in digital media: How and why teens use technology’ Technology and Adolescent Health: In School’s and Beyond pp. 25-56 Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817319-0.00002-5

Konstantinos Korfiatis, Maria Photiou & Stella Petrou (2020) Effects of eco-animations on nine and twelve year old children’s environmental conceptions: How WALL-E changed young spectators’ views of earth and environmental protection, The Journal of Environmental Education, 51:5, 381-394, DOI: 10.1080/00958964.2020.1747965

Parkash, D. and Mathur, P. (2001), Developing animation story for children. British Journal of Educational Technology, 32: 109-112. https://doi-org.arts.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/1467-8535.00180

Fleer, M. (2018), Digital animation: New conditions for children’s development in play‐based setting. Br J Educ Technol, 49: 943-958. https://doi-org.arts.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/bjet.12637

ACADEMIC SOURCES FOR EK ANEK AUR EKTA:

Rajan Kurai Krishnan (2020) Visions of Development: Films Division of India and the Imagination of Progress, 1948–75, South Asian Studies, 36:1, 112-113, DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2017.1417010

Joshi, N. (2018) ‘Gharonda’ filmmaker Bhimsain dies in Mumbai Available at: https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gharaonda-filmmaker-bhimsain-dies-in-mumbai/article23586812.ece [Accessed on: 05 November 2020]

AnimationXpress Team (2017) Bhimsain Khurana: an energetic and zealous man who constantly inspires Available at: https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/bhimsain-khurana-an-energetic-and-zealous-man-who-constantly-inspires/ [Accessed on: 07 November 2020]

Pandya, S. (2018) Bhimsain Khurana (1936-2018): Indian animation pioneer, introspective filmmaker Available at: https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/apr/18/12631 [Accessed on: 07 November 2020]

Jha, M.A (2019) Ek Anek Aur Ekta: How Vijaya Mulay’s 1974 animated short film reflected the optimism of a young nation Available at: https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ek-anek-aur-ekta-how-vijaya-mulays-1974-animated-short-film-reflected-the-optimism-of-a-young-nation-6733521.html [Accessed on: 08 November 2020]

Banerjee, D. (2014) Making every frame count Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/making-every-frame-count/ [Accessed on: 08 November 2020]

Patel, I. (1998) ‘The Contemporary Women’s Movement and Women’s Education in India’ International review of Education/ Internationale Zeitschrift Für Erziehungswissenschaft/ Revue Internationale De L’Education,44(2/3), pp. 155-175 Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3445176 [Accessed on: 09 November 2020]

Chakraborty, P. (n.d.) Women and Development: Revisiting the Towards Equality Report Available at: https://www.academia.edu/17461498/WOMEN_AND_DEVELOPMENT_REVISITING_THE_TOWARDS_EQUALITY_REPORT [Accessed on: 09 November 2020]

Norvell, l. (1997) ‘Gandhi and the Indian Women’s Movement’ The British Library Journal, 23(1), pp. 12-27 Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/42554439 [Accessed on: 10 November 2020]

Subramaniam, M. (2004) ‘The Indian Women’s Movement’ Contemporary Sociology, 33(6), pp. 635-639. Available at:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3593826 [Accessed on: 11 November 2020]

Deshpande, A. (2007) ‘Indian Cinema and the Bourgeois Nation State’ Economic and Political Weekly, 42(5), pp. 95-103 Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40277057 [Accessed on: 11 November 2020]

Joshi, R. (1975) ‘India 1974: Growing Political Crisis’ Asian Survey, 15(2), pp. 85-95. Available at: www.jstor.org/stable/2643318 [Accessed on: 11 November 2020]

Ascárate, R.J. (2-15) ‘Review of the book From Rajahs and Yogis to Gandhi and Beyond: Images of India in International Films of the Twentieth Century, by Vijaya Mulay’ Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal 45(1), pp. 72-73. Available at: https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/589150 [Accessed on: 12 November 2020]